REVIEW: Inorganic Nanoparticles: Applications in Ophthalmology

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Ekaterina V. Popova¹, Victoria E. Tikhomirova^1,a* and Olga A. Kost¹

¹Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia

^* To whom correspondence should be addressed.

Received: October 31, 2025; Revised: March 6, 2026; Accepted: March 14, 2026

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This review summarizes current data on potential applications of the main classes of inorganic nanoparticles in ophthalmology, as well as their advantages and limitations, and systematizes data on the most studied inorganic nanoparticles, including gold and silver nanoparticles, metal oxides (e.g., iron oxide, zinc oxide), silica, and insoluble calcium salts. Particular attention is paid to their toxicity to eye tissues and the use as carriers for encapsulation and controlled release of various biologically active substances, such as antiglaucoma drugs, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory and antitumor agents. The review examines the results of in vivo experiments using nanoparticles, demonstrating their physiological effects, capacity to increase the bioavailability of drugs, and ability to prolong their therapeutic effect.

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KEY WORDS: inorganic nanoparticles, drug delivery, ophthalmology

DOI: 10.1134/S0006297925603909

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